A
- Abduction: Inference to the best explanation.
- Abelard, Peter: Medieval logician known for scholastic dialectic.
- Absolute idealism: Hegel’s view that reality is ultimately rational.
- Absurdism: Belief that humans seek meaning in a meaningless universe:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}.
- Accidentalism: View that events happen by chance rather than necessity:contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}.
- Acosmism: Denial of the reality of the universe in favour of a single absolute:contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}.
- Aestheticism: Movement advocating art for art’s sake:contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.
- Agnostic atheism: Combination of agnosticism and atheism:contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}.
- Agnostic theism: Belief in God while holding divine existence unknown:contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.
- Agnosticism: View that the existence of deities is unknown or unknowable:contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}.
- Albertus Magnus: Scholastic thinker who integrated Aristotelianism with theology.
- Al‑Farabi: Medieval Islamic philosopher and political theorist.
- Al‑Kindi: Early Arab philosopher who introduced Greek thought to the Islamic world.
- Altruism: Ethical view stressing duty to serve others:contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}.
- Amor fati: Stoic acceptance and love of one’s fate:contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.
- Anarchism: Political philosophy opposing centralized government:contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.
- Anarcho‑capitalism: Libertarian theory favouring private law and markets:contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.
- Anarcho‑primitivism: Advocacy of a return to pre‑civilization lifestyles:contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.
- Anarcho‑syndicalism: Anarchism aligned with labour unions for worker control:contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.
- Anaximenes: Pre‑Socratic who proposed air as the archê.
- Anima mundi: Concept of a universal world soul:contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.
- Animism: Belief that natural objects have souls or spirits:contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.
- Anthropocentrism: Human‑centred worldview placing humans at the moral center.
- Apologetics: Rational defence of religious doctrines.
- Applied ethics: Practical approach to moral problems in fields like medicine or business.
- Appiah, Kwame Anthony: Contemporary ethicist of cosmopolitanism and identity.
- A posteriori: Knowledge dependent on experience.
- A priori: Knowledge independent of experience.
- Arendt, Hannah: Political philosopher of totalitarianism and the human condition.
- Atehism: Disbelief in gods.
- Atomism: Ancient view that everything is composed of indivisible atoms.
- Augustine of Hippo: Influential early Christian philosopher and theologian.
- Authenticity: Existentialist ideal of living in accordance with one’s true self.
- Autonomy: Capacity for self‑governance and independent decision‑making.
- Averroes: Islamic philosopher who commented on Aristotle.
- Avicenna: Persian polymath known for works on metaphysics and medicine.
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B
- Bachelard, Gaston: French philosopher of science and imagination.
- Bacon, Francis: Early modern philosopher advocating empirical science.
- Badiou, Alain: Contemporary French thinker on being and event.
- Behavioralism: Quantitative approach to political behaviour:contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.
- Behaviorism: Psychological doctrine explaining behaviour without mental states:contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.
- Bentham, Jeremy: Utilitarian who equated moral value with pleasure and pain.
- Benjamin, Walter: Cultural critic known for essays on art and history.
- Bergson, Henri: Philosopher of duration and creative evolution.
- Berkeley, George: Idealist philosopher asserting that existence depends on perception.
- Biologism: Interpretation of human life solely in biological terms:contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.
- Bioethics: Study of ethical issues in medicine and life sciences.
- Boethius: Roman senator who wrote “The Consolation of Philosophy”.
- Bolzano, Bernard: Logician who developed early ideas of set theory.
- Boredom: Phenomenological experience studied by Kierkegaard and Heidegger.
- Brain in a vat: Skeptical scenario questioning external reality.
- Brentano, Franz: Philosopher who reintroduced the concept of intentionality.
- Buber, Martin: Philosopher of dialogue emphasising I–Thou relations.
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C
D
- Daoism: Chinese philosophy emphasizing harmony with the Tao.
- Darwinism: Biological evolution through natural selection:contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}.
- De Beauvoir, Simone: Existentialist feminist and author of “The Second Sex”.
- Deconstruction: Critical method analysing hidden assumptions:contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.
- Deductive reasoning: Deriving conclusions logically from premises.
- Defeatism: Acceptance of inevitable defeat:contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}.
- Deism: Belief in a non‑interventionist creator known by reason:contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}.
- Democracy: Political system based on rule by the people.
- Democritus: Atomist pre‑Socratic thinker.
- Deontologism: Duty‑based ethical theory:contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}.
- Descartes, René: Philosopher of methodic doubt and mind–body dualism.
- Descriptivism: Theory that names refer via associated descriptions:contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}.
- Determinism: View that all events follow necessary causal laws:contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}.
- Diderot, Denis: Encyclopédiste and advocate of materialism.
- Diogenes: Cynic who lived in a barrel and rejected convention.
- Dialectic: Method of argument through thesis, antithesis and synthesis.
- Dialectical materialism: Marxist idea that material conditions shape ideas:contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.
- Dialetheism: View that true contradictions exist:contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}.
- Distributism: Economic theory advocating widespread property ownership:contentReference[oaicite:27]{index=27}.
- Dogma: Authoritative belief held beyond dispute:contentReference[oaicite:28]{index=28}.
- Dualism: Belief that mind and body are fundamentally distinct:contentReference[oaicite:29]{index=29}.
- Duns Scotus, John: Medieval philosopher of univocity and haecceity.
- Dynamism: Leibniz’s view that material reality consists of active forces:contentReference[oaicite:30]{index=30}.
- Dasein: Heidegger’s term for human existence.
- Derrida, Jacques: Philosopher associated with deconstruction.
- Difference principle: Rawlsian rule favouring the least advantaged.
- Dworkin, Ronald: Legal philosopher advocating moral reading of law.
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E
- Eclecticism: Approach drawing on multiple theories:contentReference[oaicite:31]{index=31}.
- Egalitarianism: Doctrine that all persons deserve equal rights:contentReference[oaicite:32]{index=32}.
- Egoism: View that actions are motivated by self‑interest:contentReference[oaicite:33]{index=33}.
- Eliminative materialism: Theory rejecting folk psychology as illusory:contentReference[oaicite:34]{index=34}.
- Emotionalism: Emphasis on emotion as guiding principle.
- Emotivism: Meta‑ethical theory that moral statements express attitudes:contentReference[oaicite:35]{index=35}.
- Empiricism: Doctrine that knowledge comes from experience:contentReference[oaicite:36]{index=36}.
- Enlightenment: 18th‑century movement stressing reason and progress.
- Environmentalism: Ethical concern for the natural environment:contentReference[oaicite:37]{index=37}.
- Erasmus: Humanist who stressed free will and education.
- Epictetus: Stoic teacher emphasising inner freedom.
- Epicureanism: Philosophy seeking tranquility through avoidance of pain:contentReference[oaicite:38]{index=38}.
- Epicurus: Hellenistic philosopher of simple pleasures.
- Epistemology: Study of knowledge and justified belief:contentReference[oaicite:39]{index=39}.
- Epiphenomenalism: View that mental events have no causal efficacy:contentReference[oaicite:40]{index=40}.
- Essentialism: Belief that entities have defining attributes:contentReference[oaicite:41]{index=41}.
- Eternalism: View that past, present and future equally exist:contentReference[oaicite:42]{index=42}.
- Ethical egoism: Normative view that one ought to pursue self‑interest:contentReference[oaicite:43]{index=43}.
- Ethics: Branch of philosophy dealing with moral values.
- Ethnocentrism: Tendency to see one’s culture as central:contentReference[oaicite:44]{index=44}.
- Eudaimonia: Aristotelian notion of flourishing as the highest good.
- Evidentialism: Epistemic theory linking belief justification to evidence.
- Existentialism: Movement emphasising individual freedom and meaning.
- Externalism: View that justification may depend on factors outside the agent.
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F
- Fallibilism: Doctrine that knowledge is always provisional:contentReference[oaicite:45]{index=45}.
- Falsifiability: Criterion that scientific theories must admit possible refutation:contentReference[oaicite:46]{index=46}.
- Fascism: Authoritarian nationalist ideology:contentReference[oaicite:47]{index=47}.
- Fatalism: View that human actions cannot alter predetermined outcomes:contentReference[oaicite:48]{index=48}.
- Feminism: Movement seeking gender equality and women’s rights:contentReference[oaicite:49]{index=49}.
- Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: German idealist emphasising self‑consciousness.
- Fideism: Religious view holding faith above reason:contentReference[oaicite:50]{index=50}.
- Feuerbach, Ludwig: Critic of religion who saw God as projection of human ideals.
- Feyerabend, Paul: Philosopher of science who promoted epistemological anarchism.
- Finalism: Theory that events are defined by an end goal:contentReference[oaicite:51]{index=51}.
- Formalism: Approach emphasising form and rules, especially in math and law:contentReference[oaicite:52]{index=52}.
- Foundationalism: Epistemic view that knowledge rests on basic beliefs:contentReference[oaicite:53]{index=53}.
- French materialism: Enlightenment view combining empiricism and associationism:contentReference[oaicite:54]{index=54}.
- Freudianism: Psychoanalytic view stressing repression and the unconscious:contentReference[oaicite:55]{index=55}.
- Frege, Gottlob: Logician who distinguished sense and reference.
- Free will: Ability to choose freely despite causal chains.
- Functionalism: Theory that mental states are defined by their causal roles:contentReference[oaicite:56]{index=56}.
- Foucault, Michel: Historian who analysed power, discourse and subjectivity.
- Frankfurt School: Group developing critical theory of society.
- Friendship: Ethical concept emphasised by Aristotle.
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G
- Gadamer, Hans‑Georg: Hermeneutic philosopher stressing dialogue.
- Game theory: Mathematical study of strategic interaction.
- Gassendi, Pierre: Epicurean revivalist and critic of scholasticism.
- Genealogy: Foucaultian method tracing origins of values.
- General will: Rousseau’s notion of collective decision.
- Genetic fallacy: Error of assessing a belief by its origin.
- Gestalt: View that wholes are more than the sum of parts.
- Gorgias: Sophist known for radical skepticism and rhetoric.
- Golden mean: Aristotelian idea of virtue as a mean between extremes.
- Good and evil: Moral duality in ethics and religion.
- Grace: Theological notion of unmerited divine favor.
- Greek philosophy: Ancient tradition including pre‑Socratics, Plato and Aristotle.
- Grounding: Metaphysical relation of dependence.
- Guattari, Félix: Co‑author of “A Thousand Plateaus”.
- Gurdjieff: Mystic teaching self‑development and awakening.
- Gnosticism: Ancient belief in hidden spiritual knowledge.
- Gene drive: Example of applied ethics.
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H
- Habermas, Jürgen: Philosopher of communicative rationality.
- Hedonism: Ethical view that pleasure is the highest good:contentReference[oaicite:57]{index=57}.
- Hegelianism: Philosophy of Hegel emphasising rational reality:contentReference[oaicite:58]{index=58}.
- Henotheism: Devotion to one god while acknowledging others:contentReference[oaicite:59]{index=59}.
- Heraclitus: Pre‑Socratic who taught that all is flux.
- Hobbes, Thomas: Author of “Leviathan” who advocated social contract and absolute sovereignty.
- Hereditarianism: View that mental traits are inherited:contentReference[oaicite:60]{index=60}.
- Hermeneutics: Study of interpretation, especially texts.
- Hinduism: Ancient religion with diverse philosophies:contentReference[oaicite:61]{index=61}.
- Historical determinism: Claim that history is determined by prior events:contentReference[oaicite:62]{index=62}.
- Historical materialism: Marxist method explaining societal change via economic forces:contentReference[oaicite:63]{index=63}.
- Historicism: Theory emphasising context and development in understanding:contentReference[oaicite:64]{index=64}.
- Holism: View that systems cannot be understood merely by examining parts:contentReference[oaicite:65]{index=65}.
- Humanism: Ethical stance prioritising human values:contentReference[oaicite:66]{index=66}.
- Hylozoism: Idea that all matter has life:contentReference[oaicite:67]{index=67}.
- Husserl, Edmund: Founder of phenomenology.
- Hume, David: Empiricist critic of causation and induction.
- Hypatia: Alexandrian philosopher martyred for her learning.
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I
- Idealism: View that reality is fundamentally mental:contentReference[oaicite:68]{index=68}.
- Ignosticism: Position that questions the concept of God:contentReference[oaicite:69]{index=69}.
- Illusionism: Belief that the material world is a collection of mind‑induced appearances:contentReference[oaicite:70]{index=70}.
- Immaterialism: Doctrine denying the existence of material objects:contentReference[oaicite:71]{index=71}.
- Immoralism: Attitude challenging conventional moral codes:contentReference[oaicite:72]{index=72}.
- Immortalism: Concept of unending human life:contentReference[oaicite:73]{index=73}.
- Incompatibilism: Belief that free will and determinism cannot both be true:contentReference[oaicite:74]{index=74}.
- Indeterminism: View that not all events are predetermined:contentReference[oaicite:75]{index=75}.
- Individualism: Emphasis on individual rights over collective claims:contentReference[oaicite:76]{index=76}.
- Induction: Inference from particular cases to general laws.
- Ibn Arabi: Sufi mystic known for the unity of being.
- Innatism: Theory that the mind is born with ideas:contentReference[oaicite:77]{index=77}.
- Instrumentalism: View that theories are tools rather than literal truths:contentReference[oaicite:78]{index=78}.
- Intellectualism: Emphasis on reason and learning:contentReference[oaicite:79]{index=79}.
- Intentionality: Aboutness of mental states.
- Internalism: View that justification depends only on factors accessible to the thinker:contentReference[oaicite:80]{index=80}.
- Intentionalism: Theory exploring whether humans author their actions:contentReference[oaicite:81]{index=81}.
- Interactionism: Position that mind and body causally interact:contentReference[oaicite:82]{index=82}.
- Interpretivism: View that knowledge is based on interpretation:contentReference[oaicite:83]{index=83}.
- Intrinsicism: Belief that value is inherent, not assigned:contentReference[oaicite:84]{index=84}.
- Intuitionism: Philosophy of mathematics focusing on mental construction:contentReference[oaicite:85]{index=85}.
- Irrationalism: Philosophy privileging intuition over rationality:contentReference[oaicite:86]{index=86}.
- Irrealism: Combination of phenomenalism and physicalism:contentReference[oaicite:87]{index=87}.
- Islamism: Political ideology seeking to apply Islamic law to state affairs:contentReference[oaicite:88]{index=88}.
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J
K
L
- Laozi: Legendary author of the “Tao Te Ching”.
- Language: System of symbols and rules used for communication.
- Laws of thought: Classical logical principles of identity, non‑contradiction and excluded middle.
- Leibniz, Gottfried: Philosopher of monads and pre‑established harmony.
- Levinas, Emmanuel: Phenomenologist who stressed ethics of the other.
- Leninism: Revolutionary theory derived from Marxism.
- Liberation philosophy: Latin American movement emphasising social justice.
- Libertarianism: Political philosophy prioritising individual liberty.
- Linguistic turn: 20th‑century emphasis on language in philosophy.
- Locke, John: Empiricist who theorised natural rights and tabula rasa.
- Logic: Study of valid reasoning.
- Logical positivism: Movement asserting that meaningful statements are empirically verifiable.
- Logos: Greek term meaning word, reason or principle.
- Lucretius: Epicurean poet explaining atomism.
- Lyotard, Jean‑François: Postmodern theorist of metanarratives.
- Liberalism: Political doctrine stressing individual rights.
- Laissez‑faire: Economic system of minimal government intervention.
- Logical atomism: Russell and Wittgenstein’s view of reality as independent facts.
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M
- Machiavelli, Niccolò: Author of “The Prince”, known for realism in politics.
- Mahāyāna: Branch of Buddhism emphasising universal salvation.
- Maimonides: Jewish philosopher who reconciled faith and reason.
- Maoism: Chinese communist ideology derived from Marxism–Leninism.
- Marcus Aurelius: Stoic emperor whose “Meditations” reflect on virtue.
- Materialism: Doctrine that matter is the fundamental substance.
- Mathematical logic: Study of logic using formal mathematical tools.
- McTaggart, J.M.E.: Philosopher who argued time is unreal.
- Meaning of life: Philosophical question about life’s purpose.
- Meditation: Practice of focused attention and mindfulness.
- Merleau‑Ponty, Maurice: Phenomenologist of embodiment and perception.
- Meta‑ethics: Analysis of the nature of moral judgments.
- Metaphysics: Study of being, existence and reality beyond physics.
- Mill, John Stuart: Utilitarian advocate of liberty and women’s rights.
- Mind–body problem: Question of how mental and physical states relate.
- Miracle: Event inexplicable by natural causes.
- Modal logic: Logic dealing with necessity and possibility.
- Monism: View that reality is fundamentally one.
- Monotheism: Belief in a single deity.
- Montesquieu: French thinker who articulated separation of powers.
- Moral realism: View that moral statements can be true or false.
- Moral relativism: View that moral norms are culturally dependent.
- Moral skepticism: Doubt about the possibility of moral knowledge.
- Moses: Religious leader central to Jewish and Christian tradition.
- Mysticism: Pursuit of direct union with the divine.
- Multiculturalism: Recognition and respect for diverse cultures.
- Mutualism: Proudhon’s economic theory advocating reciprocity.
- Myth of Sisyphus: Camus’s essay on absurdity and revolt.
- Mencius: Confucian philosopher emphasising innate human goodness.
- Mohism: Chinese philosophy advocating universal love and meritocracy.
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N
O
P
Q
- Qualia: Subjective qualities of conscious experience.
- Quantifier: Logical operator expressing “for all” or “there exists”.
- Quantum logic: Non‑classical logic inspired by quantum mechanics.
- Quasi‑realism: Meta‑ethical view treating moral statements as if factual.
- Quiddity: Essence or “whatness” of a thing.
- Quine, W.V.O.: Philosopher of language and naturalized epistemology.
- Quietism: Belief that philosophical problems dissolve through silence.
- Question‑begging: Fallacy where the conclusion is assumed in the premise.
- Quantum ethics: Exploration of ethical implications of quantum theory.
- Quintessence: Hypothetical fifth element or essential principle.
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R
S
- Sartre, Jean‑Paul: Existentialist who stressed freedom and responsibility.
- Satya: Concept of truth in Indian philosophy.
- Schelling, F.W.J.: German idealist focusing on nature and freedom.
- Schopenhauer, Arthur: Philosopher of pessimism and the will.
- Schrödinger’s cat: Thought experiment illustrating quantum superposition.
- Secularism: Separation of religious institutions from state.
- Scientism: Belief that empirical science is the only path to knowledge.
- Sein und Zeit: Heidegger’s work on being and time.
- Sensation: Raw sensory input before interpretation.
- Sentience: Capacity for conscious experience.
- Sentimentalism: View that moral judgments arise from feelings.
- Skepticism: Doubt regarding knowledge claims.
- Social contract: Idea that political authority arises from agreement.
- Social constructivism: View that social phenomena are created by humans.
- Socialism: Economic system where means of production are collectively owned.
- Sociobiology: Study of biological basis of social behaviour.
- Soft determinism: Compatibilist stance that free will exists within determinism.
- Solipsism: View that only one’s own mind is certain to exist.
- Sophists: Ancient teachers who charged for instruction.
- Spinoza, Baruch: Rationalist who identified God with nature.
- Stoicism: Hellenistic philosophy focusing on virtue and control of passions.
- Structuralism: Method of analysis focusing on underlying structures.
- Subjectivism: View that value or truth is dependent on subjects.
- Substance: Underlying entity in metaphysics.
- Supervenience: Relation where higher‑level properties depend on lower‑level ones.
- Surrealism: Artistic movement exploring unconscious processes.
- Synechism: Peirce’s doctrine of continuity.
- Syncretism: Blending of different religious or philosophical beliefs.
- System: Organised set of interrelated elements.
- Symbolic logic: Formal logic using symbols to represent propositions.
- Syllogism: Deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion.
- Synesthesia: Experiencing one sense through another; used metaphorically in aesthetics.
- Singer, Peter: Contemporary utilitarian ethicist.
- Seneca: Stoic philosopher and Roman statesman.
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T
U
V
- Validity: Property of arguments whose conclusions follow necessarily.
- Value theory: Study of what is good or valuable.
- Varieties of Religious Experience: William James’s work on mysticism.
- Vedanta: Indian school centred on the Upanishads.
- Vedas: Ancient Hindu scriptures forming theological foundations.
- Verification principle: Positivist test of meaning through empirical verifiability.
- Verificationism: Doctrine that only verifiable statements are meaningful.
- Vasubandhu: Buddhist philosopher known for Yogācāra idealism.
- Vico, Giambattista: Early modern thinker of historical cycles and imagination.
- Virtue: Admirable characteristic or excellence.
- Virtue ethics: Normative theory focusing on character.
- Virtù: Machiavellian quality of pragmatic leadership.
- Volition: Faculty or act of making a choice.
- Voltaire: Enlightenment critic of intolerance and dogma.
- Voluntarism: View that will precedes intellect in human action.
- Vitalism: Doctrine that life is more than physical or chemical processes.
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W
- War and Peace: Tolstoy’s novel exploring free will and history.
- Weber, Max: Sociologist who analysed rationalisation and authority.
- Weil, Simone: Mystical philosopher emphasising attention and grace.
- Whitehead, Alfred North: Process philosopher and mathematician.
- Will: Faculty of choosing or striving.
- Will to power: Nietzsche’s concept of fundamental human drive.
- Wisdom: Judicious application of knowledge.
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Philosopher of language and meaning.
- Women philosophers: Contribution of women to philosophical discourse.
- Worldview: Comprehensive perspective on life and the universe.
- World‑soul: Idea of a collective or cosmic spirit.
- Wollstonecraft, Mary: Early advocate of women’s rights and author of “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”.
- Wu wei: Daoist notion of effortless action.
- Wicca: Modern pagan witchcraft sometimes viewed philosophically.
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X
- Xenocrates: Head of Plato’s Academy who systematised metaphysics.
- Xenophanes: Poet–philosopher who criticised anthropomorphic gods.
- Xenophon: Historian whose works include Socratic dialogues.
- Xunzi: Confucian thinker who believed human nature is bad.
- Xenophobia: Fear or hatred of foreigners; topic in social philosophy.
- Xenophilia: Love or admiration of foreign cultures.
- X‑phi: Experimental philosophy using empirical methods.
- Xavier Zubiri: Spanish philosopher of reality and transcendence.
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Y
- Yang Xiong: Han‑dynasty philosopher emphasising moral cultivation.
- Yang Zhu: Chinese philosopher promoting self‑preservation.
- Yin and yang: Daoist symbol of complementary forces.
- Yi Jing: “Book of Changes”, ancient divination text.
- Young Hegelians: Group criticising Hegel from the left.
- Yoga: Indian discipline aiming for union and liberation.
- Yūgen: Japanese aesthetic of subtle profundity.
- Yu‑Lan Fung: Chinese scholar who wrote on history of Chinese philosophy.
- Yamas: Five moral vows in yoga ethics.
- Yi (righteousness): Confucian virtue of moral obligation.
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Z
- Zeitgeist: Spirit of the age or cultural climate.
- Zen: Mahayana school focusing on meditation and direct insight.
- Zeno of Citium: Founder of Stoicism.
- Zeno of Elea: Philosopher known for paradoxes of motion.
- Zeno’s paradoxes: Arguments challenging notions of space and time.
- Zhang Zai: Neo‑Confucian who emphasised the qi‑filled universe.
- Zhu Xi: Neo‑Confucian synthesizer of classical teachings.
- Zhuangzi: Daoist philosopher emphasising spontaneity.
- Zoroastrianism: Ancient Persian religion stressing cosmic dualism.
- Žižek, Slavoj: Contemporary theorist blending psychoanalysis and Marxism.
- Zarathustra: Prophet of Zoroastrianism; Nietzsche’s fictional teacher.
- Zombi: Hypothetical being with behaviour but no consciousness.
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Epochen und Strömungen
- Antike: Platonismus, Aristotelismus, Stoizismus, Epikureismus
- Mittelalter: Scholastik, Thomismus, Nominalismus
- Renaissance: Humanismus, Neuplatonismus, Skeptizismus
- Aufklärung: Empirismus, Rationalismus, Kantianismus
- Idealismus: Deutscher Idealismus, Britischer Idealismus
- Pragmatismus
- Existenzialismus
- Phänomenologie
- Analytische Philosophie
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Philosophen
- Sokrates, 469 v. Chr. - 399 v. Chr.
- Platon, 428/427 v. Chr. - 348/347 v. Chr.
- Aristoteles, 384 v. Chr. - 322 v. Chr.
- Epikur, 341 v. Chr. - 270 v. Chr.
- Die Stoa: Zenon von Kition, 334 v. Chr. - 262 v. Chr.; Epiktet, 50 - 135; Marcus Aurelius, 121 - 180
- Augustinus von Hippo, 354 - 430
- Thomas von Aquin, 1225 - 1274
- William von Ockham, 1287 - 1347
- René Descartes, 1596 - 1650
- Baruch Spinoza, 1632 - 1677
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646 - 1716
- John Locke, 1632 - 1704
- David Hume, 1711 - 1776
- Immanuel Kant, 1724 - 1804
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 1770 - 1831
- Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788 - 1860
- Friedrich Nietzsche, 1844 - 1900
- Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889 - 1951
- Martin Heidegger, 1889 - 1976
- Jean-Paul Sartre, 1905 - 1980
- Simone de Beauvoir, 1908 - 1986
- Herbert Marcuse, 1898 - 1979
- Theodor W. Adorno, 1903 - 1969
- Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1908 - 1961
- Hannah Arendt, 1906 - 1975
- Emmanuel Levinas, 1906 - 1995
- Karl-Otto Apel, 1922 - 20217
- Michel Foucault, 1926 - 1984
- Jürgen Habermas, 1929
- Jacques Derrida, 1930 - 2004
- Gilles Deleuze, 1925 - 1995
- Slavoj Žižek, 1949 - present
- Richard Rorty, 1931 - 2007
Philosophie Quiz Mix
PHILOSOPHIE QUIZ MIX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Zitate
- "Das einzige, was ich weiß, ist, dass ich nichts weiß." - Sokrates
- "Das Schwerste von allem ist, ein Auge auf sich selbst zu werfen." - Platon
- "Der Zweck des Denkens besteht nicht darin, uns zu befriedigen, sondern uns zu aktivieren." - Aristoteles
- "Lebe im Verborgenen, handle im Verborgenen, und dein Glück wird sich mehren." - Epikur
- "Cogito ergo sum." - René Descartes
- "Gott oder die Natur hat alle Dinge so gemacht, dass sie gut sind." - Baruch Spinoza
- "Alles, was existiert, hat eine Ursache oder einen Grund." - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- "Nichts ist im Verstand, was nicht zuvor in der Wahrnehmung gewesen wäre." - John Locke
- "Alles, was der Fall ist, ist die Welt." - Ludwig Wittgenstein
- "Das Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein." - Karl Marx
- "Die Vernunft hat in sich selbst eine dialektische Natur." - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
- "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung." - Arthur Schopenhauer
- "Gott ist tot." - Friedrich Nietzsche
- "Das Nichts selbst gibt den Seienden das Sein." - Martin Heidegger
- "Die Existenz geht der Essenz voraus." - Jean-Paul Sartre
- "Man ist nicht einfach nur frei, sondern ist dazu verurteilt, frei zu sein." - Simone de Beauvoir
- "Wissen ist Macht." - Francis Bacon
- "Die Wahrheit ist eine Lüge, die uns die Wirklichkeit erzählt." - Jacques Lacan
Kompetenzen
Grundlagen
Philosophie
Philosophie
G Ich kann grundlegende philosophische Begriffe und ihre Bedeutung im Alltag erkennen.
M Ich kann philosophische Fragestellungen verstehen und eigene Gedanken dazu formulieren.
E Ich kann philosophische Theorien analysieren und kritisch reflektieren.
Philosophiegeschichte
Philosophiegeschichte
G Ich kann wichtige Epochen der Philosophiegeschichte und ihre Merkmale kennenlernen.
M Ich kann bedeutende Philosophen und ihre Lehren verstehen und in den historischen Kontext einordnen.
E Ich kann den historischen Wandel philosophischer Ideen analysieren und kritisch bewerten.
Philosophen
Philosophen
G Ich kann bekannte Philosophen und ihre Zeitperioden identifizieren.
M Ich kann das Leben und Werk ausgewählter Philosophen verstehen und in den historischen Kontext einordnen.
E Ich kann den Einfluss von Philosophen auf die Entwicklung der Philosophie analysieren und ihre Bedeutung kritisch bewerten.
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