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Zeile 132: Zeile 132:
{| align=center   
{| align=center   
{{:M-Tab}}   
{{:M-Tab}}   
'''[[Plato]]'''   
'''[[Socrates]]'''   
{{o}} [[Ancient Greek philosophy]]   
{{o}} [[Philosophy]]   
{{o}} [[Socratic dialogues]]   
{{o}} [[Socratic Method]]   
{{o}} [[Theory of Forms]]   
{{o}} [[Ethics]]   
{{o}} [[The Republic (Plato)|The Republic]]   
{{o}} [[Athenian Democracy]] 
{{o}} [[Western Philosophy Origins]]   
|}
|}


{{BK}}
= Introduction =   
= Introduction =   
Welcome! In this aiMOOC you will dive deep into the life, works, and core ideas of [[Plato]] (traditionally dated 428/427–348/347 BCE), one of the founding figures of [[Western philosophy]]. A student of [[Socrates]] and teacher of [[Aristotle]], Plato wrote in vivid [[Dialogue|dialogues]] that explore [[Ethics]], [[Epistemology]], [[Metaphysics]], [[Aesthetics]], [[Education]], and [[Political philosophy]]. He founded the [[Academy (Plato)|Academy]] in [[Athens]], often described as the first institution of higher learning in the West. 
You will learn the essentials: the [[Theory of Forms]], the [[Allegory of the Cave]], the [[Divided Line]], the [[Analogy of the Sun]], the [[Tripartite Soul]], and Plato’s political vision of a just city ruled by [[Philosopher king|philosopher‑kings]]. We’ll connect these ideas to later movements like [[Neoplatonism]], influences on [[Christian philosophy]] (e.g., [[Augustine of Hippo]]), the [[Islamic Golden Age]] (e.g., [[Al-Farabi]]), and the [[Renaissance]] (e.g., [[Marsilio Ficino]]). 
Throughout, you’ll find input texts, reflective prompts, quizzes, and creative open tasks. Wherever possible, facts align with established scholarship (see [[Plato|Wikipedia]] and related entries). Speak directly, think critically, and have fun exploring ideas that shaped entire civilizations.
{{BK}}
= Life and Background = 


== Family, education, and Socratic influence == 
[[Socrates]] (c. 469/470 – 399 BCE) is considered one of the most influential figures in the history of [[Philosophy]]. He was a [[Greek Philosopher]] from [[Athens]] who profoundly shaped [[Western Philosophy]]. Unlike other philosophers, he left no written works; what we know about him comes from the writings of his students, especially [[Plato]] and [[Xenophon]], as well as from [[Aristophanes]]' plays.
Plato was born into an aristocratic family in [[Athens]]. As a young man he encountered [[Socrates]], whose method of elenchus (the [[Socratic method]])—testing claims through questioning—profoundly shaped Plato’s outlook. After Socrates’ trial and execution (399 BCE), Plato traveled (traditions mention [[Megara]], [[Cyrene]], [[Egypt]], and [[Magna Graecia]]) before returning to Athens to found the [[Academy (Plato)|Academy]].


== The Academy == 
Socrates is best known for the [[Socratic Method]] — a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue that stimulates critical thinking by asking and answering questions. His philosophical focus was on [[Ethics]], virtue, and how one should live a good life. He famously declared: '''"The unexamined life is not worth living"'''.
The Academy was a community devoted to philosophy, mathematics, and scientific inquiry, associated with figures like [[Speusippus]], [[Xenocrates]], and later [[Polemon]]. Mathematics (inspired partly by [[Pythagoreanism]]) had a central role in the curriculum, matching Plato’s belief that mathematical thinking trains the mind for dialectic and knowledge of the Forms.


== Chronology of the dialogues (indicative) == 
In 399 BCE, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death by drinking [[Hemlock]] for allegedly corrupting the youth of Athens and impiety (not believing in the gods of the city). His death became a symbol of intellectual freedom and the tension between the individual and the state.   
Scholars often group Plato’s works into [[Early dialogues]], [[Middle dialogues]], and [[Late dialogues]], based on style and doctrine: 
{{o}} [[Early dialogues]]: [[Apology]], [[Crito]], [[Euthyphro]], [[Protagoras]], [[Gorgias]] (strong Socratic presence).
{{o}} [[Middle dialogues]]: [[Meno]], [[Phaedo]], [[Symposium]], [[The Republic (Plato)|Republic]], [[Phaedrus]] (mature doctrines like Forms and recollection).   
{{o}} [[Late dialogues]]: [[Parmenides]], [[Theaetetus]], [[Sophist (dialogue)|Sophist]], [[Statesman (dialogue)|Statesman]], [[Philebus]], [[Timaeus]], [[Critias]], [[Laws]] (more technical, critical re-examination).


{{BK}}
{{BK}}
= Philosophy and Core Concepts =   
= Life and Background =   


{{BK}}
Socrates was born in [[Athens]] to a stonemason and a midwife. He served as a hoplite in the [[Peloponnesian War]] and was known for his bravery. He spent most of his life engaging Athenians in public dialogues about virtue, justice, and truth.   
== Theory of Forms == 
Plato holds that beyond the changing world of sensible things lies a realm of unchanging, perfect [[Forms]] (e.g., the Form of [[Justice]], the Form of [[Beauty]]). Particulars “participate in” or “imitate” these Forms. Knowledge is of what is stable; hence genuine knowledge targets Forms, not fleeting appearances. See [[Phaedo]], [[Republic]], [[Phaedrus]].   


{{BK}}
He had a distinctive appearance, often described as unattractive, but his sharp mind and relentless questioning made him a respected — and sometimes feared — figure in Athens.   
== Knowledge, Opinion, and Recollection == 
In the [[Divided Line]] (''Republic'' VI), Plato distinguishes [[Knowledge]] (epistēmē) from [[Opinion]] (doxa). Knowledge concerns intelligible realities (Forms), while opinion concerns sensible things. In [[Meno]] and [[Phaedo]], Plato advances [[Anamnesis|recollection]]: learning is remembering truths the soul knew before embodiment.   


{{BK}}
{{BK}}
== The Allegory of the Cave, the Sun, and the Line == 
= Philosophy =   
In ''Republic'' VI–VII, the [[Analogy of the Sun]] presents the Good as source of truth and being (like the sun enables sight and life). The [[Divided Line]] maps levels of cognition. The [[Allegory of the Cave]] dramatizes education as a painful ascent from shadows (appearances) to the vision of reality (the Good).  


{{BK}}
Socrates shifted the focus of Greek philosophy from the natural sciences to human affairs and [[Ethics]]. He did not claim to possess wisdom but rather sought it through dialogue. His main philosophical contributions include:
== The Tripartite Soul and Virtue == 
In ''Republic'' IV, Plato analyzes the soul into [[Reason]], [[Spirit (Plato)|Spirit]] (thumos), and [[Appetite]] (epithumia). Justice in the soul is harmonious order: reason rules, spirit supports, appetite obeys measure. The four cardinal [[Virtue|virtues]]—[[Wisdom]], [[Courage]], [[Moderation]], [[Justice]]—mirror the just city’s structure.


{{BK}}
{{o}} [[Socratic Method]]: A dialectical form of inquiry. 
== Political Philosophy: The Just City == 
{{o}} [[Ethics]]: Belief that virtue is knowledge and wrongdoing is due to ignorance. 
''Republic'' outlines a [[Kallipolis]] with three classes: [[Rulers]] (philosophers), [[Guardians|Auxiliaries]] (soldiers), and [[Producers]] (farmers, artisans). Education and selection aim at truth, virtue, and the common good. Among guardians, property and family are arranged communally to prevent faction; rulers govern by knowledge of the Good. In the late [[Laws]], Plato sketches a more pragmatic city with detailed legislation and mixed institutions.
{{o}} [[Self-Knowledge]]: The Delphic maxim "Know thyself" as a central principle.
{{o}} [[Moral Philosophy]]: Focus on how to live a good and just life.


{{BK}}
{{BK}}
== Method: Dialectic, Myth, and Mathematics ==   
= Trial and Death =   
Plato’s method is [[Dialectic]]—reasoned inquiry that tests definitions and uncovers first principles. He uses [[Myth]] (e.g., the Myth of Er in ''Republic'' X) pedagogically. [[Mathematics]] prepares the mind for abstraction and stability required for philosophical insight (''Republic'' VII).


{{BK}}
In 399 BCE, Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth and disrespecting the city's gods. His defense, recorded in [[Plato]]'s "Apology," argued that he was a social gadfly, necessary for the moral health of Athens.
== The Natural World: Timaeus == 
In [[Timaeus]], Plato presents a cosmology with a [[Demiurge]] ordering a rational cosmos using mathematical ratios and the Forms as models. The world-soul and regularity reflect intelligible order, while becoming remains distinct from being.


{{BK}}
He refused to renounce his philosophical mission and accepted his death sentence, drinking hemlock in the company of his friends and followers.
== Critiques and Reception == 
[[Aristotle]] criticizes separate Forms and posits immanent universals. [[Plotinus]] develops [[Neoplatonism]] (the One, Intellect, Soul) building on Platonic themes. In late antiquity and medieval times, Platonic thought informs [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Boethius]], and later the [[Cambridge Platonists]]. Modern critiques include [[Karl Popper]]’s charge of authoritarianism in ''The Open Society and Its Enemies'', while others defend Plato’s focus on civic virtue and education.


{{BK}}
{{BK}}
= Reading Plato: Key Dialogues and Themes =   
= Influence and Legacy =   


{{BK}}
Socrates influenced [[Plato]], who in turn taught [[Aristotle]], shaping the foundation of [[Western Philosophy]]. His ideas are central to [[Ethics]], [[Logic]], and [[Political Philosophy]].
== Ethics and the Good Life == 
{{o}} [[Euthyphro]]: piety and definition. 
{{o}} [[Apology]]: Socrates’ defense, examined life.
{{o}} [[Crito]]: law, obligation, and conscience. 
{{o}} [[Phaedo]]: soul, immortality, Forms. 
{{o}} [[Symposium]]: eros, ascent to the Form of Beauty.


{{BK}}
His life and death inspired debates about free speech, democracy, and the role of the philosopher in society.   
== Politics and Education == 
{{o}} [[The Republic (Plato)|Republic]]: justice, education, Forms, philosopher‑king.   
{{o}} [[Laws]]: institutions, virtue, and legal frameworks.


{{BK}}
{{BK}}
== Knowledge and Metaphysics == 
= Interactive Tasks =   
{{o}} [[Meno]]: virtue and recollection. 
{{o}} [[Theaetetus]]: what is knowledge? 
{{o}} [[Parmenides]]: self-critique of Forms. 
{{o}} [[Sophist (dialogue)|Sophist]] & [[Statesman (dialogue)|Statesman]]: being, not‑being, definition.  
{{o}} [[Timaeus]] & [[Critias]]: cosmology and civic myth.


{{BK}}
== Quiz: Test Your Knowledge ==
= How Plato Matters Today =
 
{{o}} [[Civic education]]: critical thinking and dialogue. 
{{o}} [[Science and mathematics]]: idealization and models. 
{{o}} [[Ethics]]: virtue, character education, and public reasoning. 
{{o}} [[Political theory]]: leadership, justice, and institutional design. 
{{o}} [[Philosophy of education]]: staged curricula, love of learning.
 
{{BK}}
= Interactive Tasks =


== Quiz: Test Your Knowledge == 
{{MC}}
{{MC}}
'''Which statement best expresses Plato’s Theory of Forms?'''   
'''What is the Socratic Method primarily based on?'''   
(Perfect, intelligible realities ground imperfect sensible things)   
(Asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking)   
(!Only material objects are fully real)   
(!Memorizing philosophical texts)   
(!Forms are merely words with no referents)   
(!Giving long speeches without interruptions)   
(!All knowledge is based solely on perception)
(!Writing down moral rules for students)
{{E}}
{{E}}


{{MC}}
{{MC}}
'''In the Allegory of the Cave, what symbolizes the highest principle?'''   
'''Who was Socrates’ most famous student?'''   
(The sun beyond the cave, linked to the Good)   
(Plato)   
(!The chains that bind the prisoners)   
(!Aristotle)   
(!The echoing voices)   
(!Xenophon)   
(!The wall with shadows)
(!Pericles)
{{E}}
{{E}}


{{MC}}
{{MC}}
'''Which work develops the tripartite model of the soul?'''   
'''What was Socrates accused of?'''   
(Republic)   
(Corrupting the youth and impiety)   
(!Crito)   
(!Stealing public money)   
(!Apology)   
(!Conspiring with Sparta)   
(!Gorgias)
(!Destroying temples)
{{E}}
{{E}}


{{MC}}
{{MC}}
'''What role does mathematics play in Plato’s education program?'''   
'''How did Socrates die?'''   
(Prepares the mind for dialectic and grasp of Forms)   
(Drinking hemlock)   
(!Provides practical skills for trade)   
(!Execution by sword)   
(!Eliminates the need for dialectic)   
(!Hanging)   
(!Refutes the existence of Forms)
(!Starvation in prison)
{{E}}
{{E}}


{{MC}}
{{MC}}
'''Which dialogue investigates “What is knowledge?” without giving a final definition?'''   
'''Which saying is attributed to Socrates?'''   
(Theaetetus)   
(The unexamined life is not worth living)   
(!Phaedrus)   
(!Man is the measure of all things)   
(!Symposium)   
(!I think, therefore I am)   
(!Laws)
(!To be is to be perceived)
{{E}}
{{E}}


{{MC}}
{{MC}}
'''What is anamnesis?'''   
'''In which city did Socrates live?'''   
(Recollection of truths the soul knew before embodiment)   
(Athens)   
(!Forgetting false beliefs through rhetoric)   
(!Sparta)   
(!Political indoctrination for guardians)   
(!Corinth)   
(!A method for classifying species)
(!Delphi)
{{E}}
{{E}}


{{MC}}
{{MC}}
'''In Plato’s city, which class should rule?'''   
'''Which source is NOT a main account of Socrates’ life?'''   
(Philosophers who know the Good)   
(Homer’s Iliad)   
(!Merchants who manage wealth)   
(!Plato’s Dialogues)   
(!Poets who inspire citizens)   
(!Xenophon’s writings)   
(!Soldiers who ensure security)
(!Aristophanes’ plays)
{{E}}
{{E}}


{{MC}}
{{MC}}
'''Which late work proposes detailed legislation and institutions?'''   
'''What did Socrates believe about virtue?'''   
(Laws)   
(Virtue is knowledge)   
(!Meno)   
(!Virtue is wealth)   
(!Phaedo)   
(!Virtue is obedience)   
(!Symposium)
(!Virtue is luck)
{{E}}
{{E}}


{{MC}}
{{MC}}
'''Who most famously criticized Plato’s separate Forms while remaining his student?'''   
'''Which war did Socrates serve in?'''   
(Aristotle)   
(Peloponnesian War)   
(!Zeno)   
(!Trojan War)   
(!Heraclitus)   
(!Greco-Persian War)   
(!Epicurus)
(!Corinthian War)
{{E}}
{{E}}


{{MC}}
{{MC}}
'''What does the Cave primarily illustrate?'''   
'''Who recorded Socrates’ trial speech?'''   
(The ascent from opinion to knowledge through education)   
(Plato)   
(!The superiority of rhetoric over philosophy)   
(!Herodotus)   
(!The need for military training)   
(!Thucydides)   
(!The rejection of mathematics)
(!Epicurus)
{{E}}
{{E}}


== Memory ==   
== Memory ==   
{{MQ}}   
{{MQ}}   
{|   
{|   
|-
|-
| Theory of Forms || Intelligible realities  
| Socratic Method || Questioning Dialogue  
|-
|-
| Allegory of the Cave || Educational ascent  
| Hemlock || Execution Method  
|-
|-
| Tripartite Soul || Reason spirit appetite  
| Plato || Famous Student  
|-
|-
| Academy || Plato’s school  
| Athens || Home City  
|-
|-
| Anamnesis || Recollection 
| Apology || Defense Speech  
|-
| Republic || Justice and philosopher king 
|-
| Timaeus || Cosmology and world soul 
|-
| Theaetetus || Inquiry into knowledge 
|-
| Laws || Detailed legislation 
|-
| Symposium || Ascent to Beauty  
|}   
|}   
{{E}}   
{{E}}   
Zeile 339: Zeile 284:


== Drag and Drop ==   
== Drag and Drop ==   
{{LQ}}   
{{LQ}}   
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
Zeile 344: Zeile 290:
! Topic   
! Topic   
|-
|-
| '''Divided Line'''   
| '''Socratic Method'''   
| Levels of cognition  
| Cooperative questioning  
|-
|-
| '''Analogy of the Sun'''   
| '''Hemlock'''   
| Source of intelligibility  
| Death of Socrates  
|-
|-
| '''Kallipolis'''   
| '''Plato'''   
| Just city in Republic  
| Student of Socrates  
|-
|-
| '''Demiurge'''   
| '''Apology'''   
| Craftsman of cosmos  
| Trial defense speech  
|-
|-
| '''Dialectic'''   
| '''Athens'''   
| Philosophical method  
| Socrates’ home  
|}   
|}   
{{E}}   
{{E}}   
<br>
<br>


== Crossword Puzzle ==   
== Crossword Puzzle ==   
{{KQ}}   
{{KQ}}   
{|   
{|   
|-
|-
| Socrates || Plato’s teacher and dialogic model  
| Hemlock || Poison that killed Socrates  
|-
|-
| Academy || Plato’s institution in Athens  
| Athens || City where Socrates lived  
|-
|-
| Republic || Dialogue outlining the just city  
| Plato || Famous student of Socrates  
|-
|-
| Anamnesis || Theory of recollection in learning  
| Apology || Defense speech by Socrates  
|-
|-
| Theaetetus || Dialogue on the nature of knowledge  
| Ethics || Field of philosophy Socrates emphasized  
|-
|-
| Timaeus || Dialogue with cosmology and world soul  
| Gadfly || Socrates’ metaphor for his role in Athens  
|}   
|}   
{{E}}   
{{E}}   
Zeile 382: Zeile 329:


== LearningApps ==   
== LearningApps ==   
<iframe> https://learningapps.org/index.php?s=Plato+Philosophy </iframe>


== Cloze Text == 
<iframe> https://learningapps.org/index.php?s=Socrates </iframe>
<quiz display=simple>
{'''Complete the text.'''<br> 
|type="{}"} 
Plato studied with { Socrates } and later founded the { Academy } in Athens. 
In the Republic, knowledge of the highest principle is linked to the { Good }. 
The Allegory of the Cave describes an ascent from { opinion } to knowledge. 
According to Plato, true knowledge concerns unchanging { Forms }. 
The tripartite soul distinguishes reason, spirit, and { appetite }. 
In Timaeus, a rational craftsman called the { Demiurge } orders the cosmos. 
Anamnesis claims that learning is a kind of { recollection }. 
Dialectic is the philosophical { method } aiming at first principles. 
The Laws presents a more practical approach to political { institutions }. 
Mathematics disciplines the mind to prepare it for { dialectic }. 
</quiz>
 
<br>


{{BK}}
= Open Tasks =   
= Open Tasks =   
Create 12 open-ended tasks. Indicate difficulty and encourage creative outputs.


=== Easy ===   
=== Easy ===   
{{o}} [[Plato Snapshot]]: Create a one-page fact sheet about [[Plato]] with key dates, places, and three signature ideas.   
{{o}} [[Draw Socrates]]: Make a drawing of how you imagine Socrates looked.   
{{o}} [[Dialogue Remix]]: Write a short dialogue (10–12 lines) in a Socratic style about a school-related ethical dilemma.   
{{o}} [[Quote Poster]]: Create a poster with your favorite Socratic quote.   
{{o}} [[Cave Sketch]]: Draw or storyboard the [[Allegory of the Cave]] with captions for each stage of the ascent.   
{{o}} [[Timeline]]: Make a simple timeline of Socrates’ life.   
{{o}} [[Quote Cards]]: Select five authentic Plato quotes (cite [[Plato|source]]) and design illustrated quote cards.
<br>


=== Standard ===   
=== Standard ===   
{{o}} [[Forms in STEM]]: Explain with concrete examples how the [[Theory of Forms]] relates to idealization in [[Mathematics]] or [[Physics]] (e.g., perfect triangles, frictionless planes).   
{{o}} [[Dialogue]]: Write a short Socratic dialogue on a modern topic.   
{{o}} [[City Blueprint]]: Draft a 1–2 page outline of a “just school” inspired by the [[Kallipolis]]: roles, curriculum, evaluation, and student voice.   
{{o}} [[Philosophical Debate]]: Discuss with a friend whether virtue can be taught.   
{{o}} [[Comparative Essay]]: Compare [[Republic]] and [[Laws]] on education and law; highlight one practical convergence and one divergence.   
{{o}} [[Trial Simulation]]: Role-play the trial of Socrates.   
{{o}} [[Myth Maker]]: Compose a brief Platonic-style myth that teaches a moral about digital citizenship.
<br>


=== Hard ===   
=== Hard ===   
{{o}} [[Critical Response]]: Assess [[Aristotle]]’s critiques of Forms (use [[Metaphysics]] themes) and argue whether they weaken or refine Plato’s position.   
{{o}} [[Essay]]: Analyze the impact of Socrates on Western Philosophy.   
{{o}} [[Reception Study]]: Trace one Platonic idea (e.g., the Good) through [[Plotinus]] and [[Augustine of Hippo]] in 1200–1500 words.   
{{o}} [[Ethics Project]]: Apply the Socratic Method to a current ethical issue.   
{{o}} [[Policy Proposal]]: Using Plato’s educational ideas, propose a modern policy to improve civic reasoning while safeguarding pluralism.   
{{o}} [[Research Paper]]: Compare Socrates’ trial to a modern case of free speech.   
{{o}} [[Research Dossier]]: Curate an annotated mini‑bibliography (6–8 items) of open resources on Plato (e.g., [[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]], [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]], [[Perseus Project]]). 
 
{{OT}}   
{{OT}}   
<br>
<br>


= Learning control =   
= Learning control =   
{{o}} [[Concept Mapping]]: Build a concept map linking Forms, Cave, Sun, Line, Tripartite Soul, and Justice, and explain two non‑obvious connections.   
 
{{o}} [[Model Transfer]]: Apply the tripartite soul to analyze a character from literature or film; justify how conflict resolves when reason rules.   
{{o}} [[Ethics]]: Explain why Socrates believed that virtue is knowledge.   
{{o}} [[Analogy Testing]]: Devise a real‑world educational practice that mirrors the Cave’s ascent and evaluate its strengths and limits.   
{{o}} [[Socratic Method]]: Apply it to a real-life question and describe the outcome.   
{{o}} [[Counterexample Challenge]]: Propose a case where “recollection” is not a good explanation of learning and suggest an alternative consistent with Plato’s aims.   
{{o}} [[Philosophy]]: Compare Socrates’ ideas to another ancient philosopher’s.   
{{o}} [[Institution Design]]: Using insights from [[Laws]], design one rule and one institution that promote civic virtue without suppressing diversity.
{{o}} [[Political Philosophy]]: Discuss what Socrates’ trial says about democracy.   
{{o}} [[Critical Thinking]]: Analyze a modern controversy using Socratic questioning.


<br><br>
<br><br>


= OERs on the Topic =   
= OERs on the Topic =   
<iframe> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato </iframe>
 
<iframe> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates </iframe>


<br>   
<br>   
= Media =   
= Media =   
[[Datei:Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpg|800px|frameless|center|link=Plato]]   
 
[[Datei:The School of Athens by Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino.jpg|1000px|frameless|center|link=The School of Athens]]   
[[Datei:Socrates Louvre.jpg|1000px|frameless|center]]   
[[Datei:Platonismus Allegorie der Höhle Illustration.jpg|800px|frameless|center|link=Allegory of the Cave]]   
[[Datei:Socrates and Alcibiades.jpg|1000px|frameless|center]]   
{{#ev:youtube| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RWOpQXTltA |300|center}}   
[[Datei:David - The Death of Socrates.jpg|1000px|frameless|center]]   
{{#ev:youtube| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDiyQub6vpw |300|center}}   
 
{{#ev:youtube| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_k0nHdJqVPo |300|center}}
{{#ev:youtube| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvYgJU3Q9o8 |300|center}}   
{{#ev:youtube| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eb0Z2ykN5C0 |300|center}}   
{{#ev:youtube| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7XKk0tAjV0 |300|center}}


= Links =   
= Links =   
Summary of key points (for quick review): 
{| align=center   
{| align=center   
{{:M-Tab}}   
{{:M-Tab}}   
'''[[Plato]]'''   
'''[[Socrates]]'''   
{{o}} [[Socrates]] → influence and method 
{{o}} [[Philosophy]]   
{{o}} [[Academy (Plato)]] → institution for philosophy and mathematics  
{{o}} [[Socratic Method]]   
{{o}} [[Theory of Forms]] → intelligible realities ground knowledge  
{{o}} [[Ethics]]   
{{o}} [[Allegory of the Cave]] → education as ascent  
{{o}} [[Athenian Democracy]]   
{{o}} [[Divided Line]] and [[Analogy of the Sun]] → structure of cognition and the Good  
{{o}} [[Western Philosophy Origins]]   
{{o}} [[Tripartite Soul]] → reason, spirit, appetite and the virtues 
{{o}} [[The Republic (Plato)|Republic]] → just city and philosopher‑kings 
{{o}} [[Laws]] → practical institutions and legislation 
{{o}} [[Timaeus]] → cosmology and order 
{{o}} [[Reception]] → [[Aristotle]], [[Neoplatonism]], [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Renaissance]]   
|}
|}


[[Category:Philosophy]]   
[[Category:Philosophy]]   
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]   
[[Category:Ancient Greece]]   
[[Category:Political Theory]] 
[[Category:Ethics]]   
[[Category:Ethics]]   
[[Category:Epistemology]] 
[[Category:Political Philosophy]]   
[[Category:Education]]   


= Share - Discuss =   
= Share - Discuss =   
{{TM}}   
{{TM}}   
[[Category:AI_MOOC]] [[Category:GPT aiMOOC]] [[Category:aiMOOC]]
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{{:Kategorie:Philosophie Quiz}}
{{:Kategorie:Philosophie Quiz}}

Version vom 8. August 2025, 13:37 Uhr

1. Wer war Sokrates? (Ein antiker griechischer Philosoph) (!Ein römischer Kaiser) (!Ein ägyptischer Pharao) (!Ein mittelalterlicher Ritter)

2. Wann lebte Sokrates? (Im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr.) (!Im 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr.) (!Im 15. Jahrhundert n. Chr.) (!Im 21. Jahrhundert n. Chr.)

3. Wie starb Sokrates? (Durch den Verzehr von Schierlingsbecher) (!In einer Schlacht) (!Durch Alter) (!Durch Krankheit)

4. Welche Methode der Argumentation ist Sokrates bekannt? (Die sokratische Methode) (!Die aristotelische Methode) (!Die platonische Methode) (!Die stoische Methode)

5. Welcher berühmte Philosoph war ein Schüler von Sokrates? (Platon) (!Aristoteles) (!Kant) (!Nietzsche)

6. Wie wurde Sokrates' Philosophie hauptsächlich aufgezeichnet? (Durch die Dialoge seines Schülers Platon) (!Durch seine eigenen Schriften) (!Durch die Schriften von Aristoteles) (!Durch die Schriften von Homer)

7. Welche Aussage ist ein bekanntes Zitat von Sokrates? ("Ich weiß, dass ich nichts weiß") (!"Sei der Wandel, den du in der Welt sehen willst") (!"Das Leben ist leidvoll") (!"Gott ist tot")

8. Was war das Hauptziel der sokratischen Methode? (Die Wahrheit durch Fragen und Antworten zu ergründen) (!Die Natur des Universums zu erklären) (!Die ethischen Prinzipien zu definieren) (!Die politischen Strukturen zu kritisieren)

9. Was war Sokrates' Beruf vor seiner philosophischen Karriere? (Steinmetz) (!Soldat) (!Lehrer) (!Schriftsteller)

10. Welche der folgenden Aussagen beschreibt am besten Sokrates' Ansicht über Wissen und Weisheit? (Wissen ist Tugend) (!Wissen ist Macht) (!Wissen ist Leid) (!Wissen ist irrelevant)

11. Welche Stadt war der Hauptwohnsitz von Sokrates? (Athen) (!Rom) (!Alexandria) (!Sparta)

12. Welcher der folgenden Begriffe ist eng mit der Philosophie von Sokrates verbunden? (Maieutik) (!Dialektik) (!Metaphysik) (!Epistemologie)

13. Welche der folgenden Aussagen beschreibt am besten die Einstellung von Sokrates zur Demokratie? (Er war skeptisch gegenüber der Demokratie) (!Er war ein starker Befürworter der Demokratie) (!Er war gegen jede Form von Regierung) (!Er bevorzugte eine Monarchie)

14. Wie wurde Sokrates von der Stadt Athen verurteilt? (Wegen Unglaubens an die Götter der Stadt und Verderbnis der Jugend) (!Wegen Hochverrats) (!Wegen Diebstahls) (!Wegen Mordes)

15. Welche der folgenden Aussagen beschreibt am besten Sokrates' Ansicht über das Leben nach dem Tod? (Er glaubte an die Unsterblichkeit der Seele) (!Er glaubte an die Reinkarnation) (!Er glaubte nicht an ein Leben nach dem Tod) (!Er hatte keine spezifischen Ansichten über das Leben nach dem Tod)

16. Welche der folgenden Aussagen ist ein bekanntes Zitat von Sokrates? ("Das unreflektierte Leben ist nicht lebenswert") (!"Gott ist tot") (!"Ich denke, also bin ich") (!"Sei der Wandel, den du in der Welt sehen willst")

17. Welcher der folgenden Begriffe ist eng mit der Philosophie von Sokrates verbunden? (Ethik) (!Ästhetik) (!Logik) (!Politik)

18. Welcher der folgenden Philosophen war ein Zeitgenosse von Sokrates? (Protagoras) (!Aristoteles) (!Epikur) (!Seneca)

19. Welcher der folgenden Begriffe ist eng mit der Philosophie von Sokrates verbunden? (Eudaimonia) (!Nirvana) (!Moksha) (!Satori)

20. Welche der folgenden Aussagen ist ein bekanntes Zitat von Sokrates? ("Ein Leben ohne Untersuchung ist nicht lebenswert") (!"Gott ist tot") (!"Ich denke, also bin ich") (!"Sei der Wandel, den du in der Welt sehen willst")






Sokrates





Introduction

Socrates (c. 469/470 – 399 BCE) is considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Philosophy. He was a Greek Philosopher from Athens who profoundly shaped Western Philosophy. Unlike other philosophers, he left no written works; what we know about him comes from the writings of his students, especially Plato and Xenophon, as well as from Aristophanes' plays.

Socrates is best known for the Socratic Method — a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue that stimulates critical thinking by asking and answering questions. His philosophical focus was on Ethics, virtue, and how one should live a good life. He famously declared: "The unexamined life is not worth living".

In 399 BCE, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death by drinking Hemlock for allegedly corrupting the youth of Athens and impiety (not believing in the gods of the city). His death became a symbol of intellectual freedom and the tension between the individual and the state.



Life and Background

Socrates was born in Athens to a stonemason and a midwife. He served as a hoplite in the Peloponnesian War and was known for his bravery. He spent most of his life engaging Athenians in public dialogues about virtue, justice, and truth.

He had a distinctive appearance, often described as unattractive, but his sharp mind and relentless questioning made him a respected — and sometimes feared — figure in Athens.



Philosophy

Socrates shifted the focus of Greek philosophy from the natural sciences to human affairs and Ethics. He did not claim to possess wisdom but rather sought it through dialogue. His main philosophical contributions include:

  1. Socratic Method: A dialectical form of inquiry.
  2. Ethics: Belief that virtue is knowledge and wrongdoing is due to ignorance.
  3. Self-Knowledge: The Delphic maxim "Know thyself" as a central principle.
  4. Moral Philosophy: Focus on how to live a good and just life.



Trial and Death

In 399 BCE, Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth and disrespecting the city's gods. His defense, recorded in Plato's "Apology," argued that he was a social gadfly, necessary for the moral health of Athens.

He refused to renounce his philosophical mission and accepted his death sentence, drinking hemlock in the company of his friends and followers.



Influence and Legacy

Socrates influenced Plato, who in turn taught Aristotle, shaping the foundation of Western Philosophy. His ideas are central to Ethics, Logic, and Political Philosophy.

His life and death inspired debates about free speech, democracy, and the role of the philosopher in society.



Interactive Tasks

Quiz: Test Your Knowledge

What is the Socratic Method primarily based on? (Asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking) (!Memorizing philosophical texts) (!Giving long speeches without interruptions) (!Writing down moral rules for students)



Who was Socrates’ most famous student? (Plato) (!Aristotle) (!Xenophon) (!Pericles)



What was Socrates accused of? (Corrupting the youth and impiety) (!Stealing public money) (!Conspiring with Sparta) (!Destroying temples)



How did Socrates die? (Drinking hemlock) (!Execution by sword) (!Hanging) (!Starvation in prison)



Which saying is attributed to Socrates? (The unexamined life is not worth living) (!Man is the measure of all things) (!I think, therefore I am) (!To be is to be perceived)



In which city did Socrates live? (Athens) (!Sparta) (!Corinth) (!Delphi)



Which source is NOT a main account of Socrates’ life? (Homer’s Iliad) (!Plato’s Dialogues) (!Xenophon’s writings) (!Aristophanes’ plays)



What did Socrates believe about virtue? (Virtue is knowledge) (!Virtue is wealth) (!Virtue is obedience) (!Virtue is luck)



Which war did Socrates serve in? (Peloponnesian War) (!Trojan War) (!Greco-Persian War) (!Corinthian War)



Who recorded Socrates’ trial speech? (Plato) (!Herodotus) (!Thucydides) (!Epicurus)



Memory

Socratic Method Questioning Dialogue
Hemlock Execution Method
Plato Famous Student
Athens Home City
Apology Defense Speech




Drag and Drop

Assign the correct terms Topic
Socratic Method Cooperative questioning
Hemlock Death of Socrates
Plato Student of Socrates
Apology Trial defense speech
Athens Socrates’ home




Crossword Puzzle

Hemlock Poison that killed Socrates
Athens City where Socrates lived
Plato Famous student of Socrates
Apology Defense speech by Socrates
Ethics Field of philosophy Socrates emphasized
Gadfly Socrates’ metaphor for his role in Athens




LearningApps



Open Tasks

Easy

  1. Draw Socrates: Make a drawing of how you imagine Socrates looked.
  2. Quote Poster: Create a poster with your favorite Socratic quote.
  3. Timeline: Make a simple timeline of Socrates’ life.


Standard

  1. Dialogue: Write a short Socratic dialogue on a modern topic.
  2. Philosophical Debate: Discuss with a friend whether virtue can be taught.
  3. Trial Simulation: Role-play the trial of Socrates.


Hard

  1. Essay: Analyze the impact of Socrates on Western Philosophy.
  2. Ethics Project: Apply the Socratic Method to a current ethical issue.
  3. Research Paper: Compare Socrates’ trial to a modern case of free speech.


Learning control

  1. Ethics: Explain why Socrates believed that virtue is knowledge.
  2. Socratic Method: Apply it to a real-life question and describe the outcome.
  3. Philosophy: Compare Socrates’ ideas to another ancient philosopher’s.
  4. Political Philosophy: Discuss what Socrates’ trial says about democracy.
  5. Critical Thinking: Analyze a modern controversy using Socratic questioning.



OERs on the Topic


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    • Ich kann philosophische Fragestellungen verstehen und eigene Gedanken dazu formulieren.

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    • Ich kann philosophische Theorien analysieren und kritisch reflektieren.




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    • Ich kann bekannte Philosophen und ihre Zeitperioden identifizieren.

  • M

    • Ich kann das Leben und Werk ausgewählter Philosophen verstehen und in den historischen Kontext einordnen.

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    2. Gregor Samsa Is You: #Kafka #Verwandlung
    3. Who Owns Who: #Musk #Geld
    4. Lump: #Trump #Manipulation
    5. Filth Like You: #Konsum #Heuchelei
    6. Your Poverty Pisses Me Off: #SozialeUngerechtigkeit #Musk
    7. Hello I'm Pump: #Trump #Kapitalismus
    8. Monkey Dance Party: #Lebensfreude
    9. God Hates You Too: #Religionsfanatiker
    10. You You You: #Klimawandel #Klimaleugner
    11. Monkey Free: #Konformität #Macht #Kontrolle
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