Glossar Blacksmithing
A
- Anvil: A solid iron or steel block used as the main working surface for forging metal.
- Annealing: Heat treatment that softens metal, relieves stress, and improves machinability.
- Arc Welding: A fusion welding process using an electric arc to melt and join metals.
- As-cast: A term describing a metal in its raw cast condition before any further processing.
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B
- Ball Peen Hammer: A hammer with one flat face and one rounded face, often used in metalworking.
- Bar Stock: Pre-formed metal bars used as raw material in forging and fabrication.
- Bending: The process of shaping metal into curves or angles by applying force.
- Black Oxide: A finish created by controlled oxidation to give steel a blackened, corrosion-resistant surface.
- Blacksmith: A craftsperson who forges iron or steel by hand using hammer, heat, and tools.
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C
- Carbon Steel: Steel that contains carbon as the main alloying element; commonly used for tools and blades.
- Case Hardening: Surface-hardening process that adds carbon to low-carbon steel to harden its surface.
- Chisel: A hardened steel tool used for cutting or carving metal.
- Clinker: Waste material formed in a coal forge, usually made of slag and ash.
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D
- Damascus Steel: A layered steel created by forge-welding multiple steels together and folding them repeatedly.
- Drawing Out: Stretching a piece of metal by hammering it to lengthen and reduce cross-section.
- Drift: A tapered tool used to enlarge, shape, or true up punched holes.
- Drop Forge: A forging method where a hammer is dropped onto hot metal placed in a die to form a shape.
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E
- Edge Hardening: Hardening only the edges of a workpiece (e.g., blades) by controlled heating and quenching.
- Electroplating: Applying a metal coating to a surface using electrical current.
- Etching: Corroding the surface of metal (e.g., for decoration or revealing Damascus patterns) using acids.
- Eye (of a hammer/tool): The hole in a tool head where a handle is fitted.
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F
- Face (of the anvil): The flat top surface of the anvil used for general hammering.
- Forge: The hearth or furnace where metal is heated for shaping.
- Forge Welding: Joining two pieces of metal by heating to high temperature and hammering them together.
- Fuller: A tool with a curved or rounded end used to spread and shape metal.
- Flux: A substance like borax used to clean and prevent oxidation during forge welding.
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G
- Grain Structure: The internal crystalline structure of a metal, which influences its strength and ductility.
- Grinding: Removing material or sharpening edges using a rotating abrasive wheel.
- Guillotine Tool: A spring-loaded tool used in a power hammer or vise for quick fullering or splitting.
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H
- Hardening: Heat treatment process that increases the hardness of steel by rapid quenching.
- Hammer Eye Punch: A tool used to punch the eye hole in tools like hammers and axes.
- Hardy Hole: Square hole in the anvil used for holding hardy tools.
- Heat Treating: A process involving heating and cooling to alter the properties of metal.
- Hot Cut: A chisel used to cut hot metal on the anvil.
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I
- Induction Heating: A method of heating metal using electromagnetic fields; fast and precise.
- Inclusions: Non-metallic impurities in steel that can affect its strength and forgeability.
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J
- Jig: A custom-made guide used to ensure accuracy and repeatability in forging.
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K
- Knife Blank: A pre-shaped piece of steel ready for forging or grinding into a knife.
- Kiss Block: A block placed under a power hammer to ensure consistent forging height.
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L
- Ladle: A tool used to pour molten metal in casting processes.
- Layering: The stacking of different steels during the Damascus-making process.
- Low Carbon Steel: Steel with a low carbon content, softer and more malleable, used for practice and non-cutting tools.
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M
- Mandrel: A tapered tool used to shape or size rings, eyes, or holes.
- Martensite: A hard, brittle microstructure formed in steel after quenching.
- Mild Steel: Steel with low carbon content, easy to work with, commonly used in blacksmithing.
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N
- Normalization: Heating steel to a critical temperature and cooling in air to refine grain structure.
- Necking: A forging defect where the metal thins due to over-hammering in one area.
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O
- Oil Quench: Cooling hot metal in oil to harden it while reducing risk of cracking.
- Oxidation: Reaction of metal with oxygen, producing scale (oxide) on the surface during heating.
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P
- Peening: Hammering to shape or strengthen metal, especially using the ball or cross peen side of the hammer.
- Punch: A tool used to create holes in hot metal by driving material out.
- Power Hammer: Mechanized hammer used to increase the speed and efficiency of forging.
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Q
- Quenching: Rapid cooling of hot steel to harden it, using water, oil, or air.
- Quench Line (Hamon): The visible line on differentially hardened blades where hardness transitions.
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R
- Rebar: Reinforcing steel bar often used for beginner forging projects.
- Refractory: Heat-resistant material lining the forge to contain and reflect heat.
- Rivet: A permanent mechanical fastener formed by hammering.
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S
- Scale: Oxidized layer that forms on hot steel during forging – often removed by brushing or grinding.
- Scarf Joint: A long tapered joint used in forge welding.
- Scroll: A decorative spiral form commonly forged in ornamental ironwork.
- Striking: The action of a helper (striker) using a sledgehammer to assist the smith.
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T
- Tempering: Reheating hardened steel to a lower temperature to reduce brittleness and increase toughness.
- Tongs: Metal-handling tools essential for gripping and moving hot workpieces.
- Tool Steel: High-carbon steel used for tools requiring hardness and wear resistance.
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U
- Upsetting: Forging process to increase the cross-section of a bar by shortening it.
- Ultrasonic Testing: Non-destructive test used to detect internal flaws in metal.
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V
- Vise (Post Vise): A strong, heavy-duty vise designed for blacksmith work, typically mounted to a bench or post.
- V-bit Tongs: Tongs with a V-shaped grip, useful for holding square or round stock securely.
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W
- Welding Heat: The temperature at which two pieces of metal can be forge-welded (typically around 2300°F / 1260°C).
- Wrought Iron: A form of iron with fibrous slag inclusions, malleable and corrosion-resistant – used historically before steel.
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Z
- Zinc Coating (Galvanization): A protective metallic layer applied to steel to prevent rust.
- Zinc Fumes: Toxic fumes released when zinc-coated metals are heated – dangerous for smiths and must be avoided.
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