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Diskussion:Glossar Blacksmithing

Version vom 2. August 2025, 09:34 Uhr von Glanz (Diskussion | Beiträge) (Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „=== A === {{TOC}} {| align=center {{:D-Tab}} {{o}} Quenching: Rapid cooling of heated workpieces (usually steel) in water, oil or air to induce hardness. {{o}} Anvil: Massive forging block with distinct zones (face, horn, step) for shaping hot metal. {{o}} Tempering: Re-heating a hardened workpiece to a moderate temperature to reduce brittleness. {{o}} Rough-shaping: First forging phase to give the raw form to the workpiece. {{o}} Scrib…“)
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A

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Quenching: Rapid cooling of heated workpieces (usually steel) in water, oil or air to induce hardness.
  2. Anvil: Massive forging block with distinct zones (face, horn, step) for shaping hot metal.
  3. Tempering: Re-heating a hardened workpiece to a moderate temperature to reduce brittleness.
  4. Rough-shaping: First forging phase to give the raw form to the workpiece.
  5. Scribing: Marking lines or points to guide forging or cutting.
  6. Carburizing: Thermo-chemical process that raises the carbon content at the surface of steel.
  7. Build-up Welding: Adding extra material by forge welding or arc processes.
  8. Decarburizing: Surface carbon loss by overheating in an oxidising atmosphere – damaging to material.
  9. Drawing-out (Stretching): Lengthening a workpiece by targeted deformation in one direction.

B

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Flat-faced Hammer: Blacksmith hammer with a flat striking face (“peen”) for general work.
  2. Drop Hammer Ram: Heavy falling mass of a power hammer that delivers forging blows.
  3. Bending: Plastic deformation to create an angle or curve – cold or hot.
  4. Die Bending: Placing a workpiece between shaped tools and bending it to form.
  5. Bellows: Historic air-supply system for the forge hearth.
  6. Borax: Flux that aids forge welding by protecting the joint from oxidation.
  7. Burning Crack: Material defect caused by overheating – leads to inter-granular cracks.
  8. Heat-Treatment Furnace: Closed furnace for annealing or hardening workpieces.
  9. Bronze Casting: Process of pouring molten bronze into moulds.
  10. Bronze Age: Pre-iron historical period marked by bronze tools and weapons.
  11. Bluing: Chemical black-oxidation of steel surfaces for corrosion protection and finish.

C

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Carbon Steel: Steel with specified carbon content (e.g., C45) common in toolmaking.
  2. Cementation: Historic method of making steel by diffusing carbon into wrought iron.
  3. Stainless Steel: Corrosion-resistant steel with high chromium content – e.g., knives or tools.
  4. CNC Forging: Computer-controlled forging techniques offering high precision.
  5. Crucible Steel: Very pure steel made in crucibles (historic “Wootz”).
  6. Cyaniding: Case hardening in a cyanide salt bath, adding nitrogen and carbon to the surface.

D

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Damascus Steel: Layered steel of different alloys with decorative patterns and superior edges.
  2. Double Forging: Two successive forging operations to improve material homogeneity.
  3. Mandrel: Solid tool for enlarging or shaping holes in the workpiece.
  4. Wire Drawing: Pulling metal through a die to reduce diameter and produce wire.
  5. Pneumatic Tools: Tools powered by compressed air – e.g., air hammers.
  6. Ductility: Ability of a material to plastically deform without breaking – key to forgeability.
  7. Punch: Tool for piercing hot metal by hammer blows.

E

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Residual Stress: Internal stresses created by deformation or heat treatment.
  2. Notching: Intentional groove or cut to localise bending or splitting.
  3. Iron: Base metal of blacksmithing – raw material for steel.
  4. Iron-Carbon Diagram: Phase diagram of iron alloys – foundation for heat treatment.
  5. Hot-cut Chisel: Forging tool for cutting or notching hot workpieces.
  6. Enamelling: Applying a glassy coating for protection or decoration.
  7. Forge Hearth: Smith’s fire, traditionally coal, now often gas or induction.
  8. Eutectic: Alloy composition with the lowest melting point – important in casting.

F

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Chamfering: Bevelling edges in preparation for welding or as a design element.
  2. Spring Hammer: Mechanical hammer driven by a leaf-spring arm – rhythmic blows.
  3. Filing: Chip-cutting process for fine shaping surfaces.
  4. Finishing: Final steps to refine dimensions or surface – filing, grinding, polishing.
  5. Forge Welding: Joining metals at welding heat with hammer blows, no filler required.
  6. Rectangular Peen: Square-section horn of an anvil for crisp corners and bending.
  7. Flat Chisel: Shearing tool to cut hot metal by wedge action.
  8. Flame Straightening: Aligning workpieces by localised heating with an oxy-fuel torch.
  9. Impression-Die Forging: Forming metal in shaped dies for series production.

G

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Gas Carburizing: Surface hardening using carbon-rich gases at high temperature.
  2. Microstructure: Internal structure of metals on microscopic scale – governs properties.
  3. Die: Upper and lower forging tools shaping complex parts.
  4. Crystal Lattice: Atomic arrangement in metal – key to behaviour.
  5. Annealing: Heat treatment to relieve stress, refine structure, or soften metal.
  6. Flash: Excess material squeezed out during forging, removed later.
  7. Engraving: Cutting decorative grooves and patterns into metal surfaces.

H

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Holding Fixture: Device to position workpieces securely during forging.
  2. Hammer: Primary striking tool in many variants (cross-peen, sledge, rounding).
  3. Hammered Texture: Visible hammer marks – hallmark of hand-forged items.
  4. Hardenability: Capability of steel to harden through its thickness.
  5. Hardness Testing: Methods determining hardness – Brinell (HB), Vickers (HV), Rockwell (HRC).
  6. Hardness Gradient: Change in hardness across the section of a quenched piece.
  7. Hearth (Old): Historical term for the forge fire.
  8. Farrier: Specialist shoeing and caring for horses’ hooves.
  9. Hydraulic Hammer: Large industrial forging hammer powered hydraulically.

I

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Induction Forging: Heating metal rapidly by electromagnetic induction before forging.
  2. Internal Grain Structure: Micro-grain arrangement affected by deformation and heat.
  3. Hole-Drift: Tapered tool for widening or shaping holes/hollow parts.
  4. Isothermal Forging: Deformation at constant temperature for better control.

J

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Yoke Clamp: Device to hold dies or workpieces aligned in forging equipment.
  2. Adjusting Hammer: Light hammer used for fine tuning during finishing.

K

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Cold Forging: Deforming metal below recrystallisation temperature – higher strength, limited formability.
  2. Tilt Hammer: Historic power hammer driven by cams and gears.
  3. Blade: Cutting part of a forged tool or weapon.
  4. Coal Forge: Traditional solid-fuel forge hearth.
  5. Carbon Monoxide: Combustion gas in the forge – reacts with oxygen, reduces oxides.
  6. Carbon Content: Determines hardness, hardenability and machinability of steel.
  7. Grain Coarsening: Undesirable grain growth from overheating – lowers strength.
  8. Artistic Blacksmith: Craftsperson creating decorative and architectural ironwork.

L

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Bearing Bush: Cylindrical component guiding rotating shafts – often forged.
  2. Alloy: Metal mixture (e.g., steel with chromium, nickel) enhancing properties.
  3. Air Hammer: Pneumatic forging hammer – precise, powerful and compact.
  4. Shrinkage Cavity: Internal void from insufficient forging or casting.
  5. Ultrasonic Void Test: Method detecting internal cavities by ultrasound.
  6. Air-Hardening Steel: Steels that harden simply by air cooling after austenitising.

M

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Martensite: Extremely hard steel phase formed by rapid quench – base of hardening.
  2. Machine Forging: Forging process using powered equipment for uniform results.
  3. Dimensional Accuracy: Precision of forged parts – crucial for assemblies.
  4. Multi-phase Microstructure: Combination of several phases influencing metal properties.
  5. Knife Blade: Classic product of artisan smiths – often Damascus or carbon steel.
  6. Microstructure: Fine structure of metal revealed under microscope – ferrite, pearlite, martensite etc.
  7. Mock-up Forging: Low-cost material model to plan complex forgings.

N

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Re-Upsetting: Secondary upsetting to densify or shorten after initial forging.
  2. Wet Grinding: Grinding with coolant to avoid overheating and retain structure.
  3. Riveting: Permanent joining by deforming rivet shanks.
  4. Rivet Head: Formed end of a rivet ensuring a tight joint.
  5. Nitriding: Diffusing nitrogen into steel surface for hard case without quench.
  6. Normalizing: Heat treatment to homogenise structure and relieve stresses.

O

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Surface Hardening: Strengthening the surface by plastic deformation (peening).
  2. Furnace Steel: Heat-resistant steel for ovens or forge components.
  3. Furnace Forging: Heating in closed furnaces instead of open hearths – uniform temperature.
  4. Oxidation: Reaction of metal with oxygen – produces scale.
  5. Scale: Thin oxide layer on heated metal requiring removal (wire-brush, sand-blasting).

P

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Pearlite: Lamellar ferrite-cementite structure common in unhardened steel.
  2. Stippling: Punching fine lines or textures – e.g., handle grip.
  3. Polishing: Creating a high-gloss surface by successive abrasives.
  4. Press Forging: Slow, controlled pressure forming – for precise shapes.
  5. Powder Metallurgy: Producing parts from metal powders by sintering – alternate manufacturing method.
  6. Punch (Stamp): Striking tool for surface decoration or identification marks.

Q

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Quality Control: Inspection of dimensions, surface, microstructure and hardness.
  2. Cross-Drawing: Widening and shortening stock by side blows.
  3. Cross-Section Change: Alteration of profile during drawing or upsetting.
  4. Compression Cracks: Material damage from excessive compressive strain.

R

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Case Hardening: Hardening only the surface layer – e.g., by induction.
  2. Drawing-out: Lengthening workpiece by longitudinal hammering – becomes thinner.
  3. Straightening Bench: Fixture for trueing warped forged parts.
  4. Rust: Iron oxide formed by water and oxygen – undesirable.
  5. Round-nose Chisel: Tool with curved edge for grooves or separating material.

S

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Planishing: Smoothing and fine-shaping after rough forging.
  2. Blacksmith: Craftsperson shaping hot metal by hammering, bending, welding and forming.
  3. Smithing Forge: The forge setup of a blacksmith.
  4. Forge Fire: Combustion zone heating metal, traditionally with coal.
  5. Forging Heat: Glowing temperature range of metal ready to forge.
  6. Forging Hammer: Hammer (hand or power) used in forging.
  7. Smith’s Yoke: Clamp that holds tooling or stock under the hammer.
  8. Forging Technique: Methods used in shaping metal.
  9. Forging Temperature: Temperature range where metal is plastic (steel ~800–1200 °C).
  10. Hot-cut Shear: Chisel for separating heated stock.
  11. Welding Heat: Temperature range to prepare pieces for forge welding.

T

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Temperature Control: Managing temperature during forging or heat treatment – critical for quality.
  2. Crucible: Vessel for melting small metal quantities – e.g., crucible steel.
  3. Torsion Forging: Forging with deliberate twisting – decorative patterns in railings etc.
  4. Twisted Rod: Workpiece twisted for visual effect – common in ornamental ironwork.

U

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Ultrasonic Testing: Non-destructive exam detecting internal flaws via sound reflection.
  2. Degree of Deformation: Measure of plastic strain relative to original volume.
  3. Metal Forming: Umbrella term for processes that shape metal without cutting chips.
  4. Deformation Zone: Area of the workpiece undergoing plastic change.

V

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Quench-and-Temper: Heat treatment combining hardening and subsequent tempering – improves toughness.
  2. Composite Forging: Combining different metals or steels by forging – e.g., Damascus.
  3. Warping: Undesired shape change from stresses or poor temperature control.
  4. Sledgehammer: Heavy long-handled hammer for heavy forging blows.

W

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Hot Forming: Forging above recrystallisation temperature – lower forces required.
  2. Heat Treatment: Processes that change mechanical properties by controlled heating and cooling.
  3. Materials Science: Study of structure, properties and behaviour of materials – core to blacksmithing.
  4. Work-piece Cutting: Controlled separation of stock – e.g., with hot-cut or flat chisel.

Z

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  1. Tongs: Tool for safely gripping hot work – flat, round, universal styles.
  2. Tong Eye: Joint opening in tongs for pivot pin – allows articulation.
  3. Chasing: Fine surface work with punches and chisels – common in decorative smithing.
  4. Mill Scale: Oxide product on hot metal – must be removed (wire-brush, sand-blast).
  5. Scale-Removal Hammer: Heavy hammer used to knock scale off forged surfaces.
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